The Private LTE & 5G Network Ecosystem: 2024 – 2030 – Opportunities, Challenges, Strategies, Industry Verticals & Forecasts

Historically a niche segment of the wider wireless telecommunications industry, private cellular networks – also referred to as NPNs (Non-Public Networks) in 3GPP terminology – have rapidly gained popularity in recent years due to privacy, security, reliability and performance advantages over public mobile networks and competing wireless technologies as well as their potential to replace hardwired connections with non-obstructive wireless links. With the 3GPP-led standardization of features such as MCX (Mission-Critical PTT, Video & Data), URLLC (Ultra-Reliable, Low-Latency Communications), TSC (Time-Sensitive Communications), RedCap (Reduced Capability) for IIoT (Industrial IoT), NTN (Non-Terrestrial Network) connectivity, SNPNs (Standalone NPNs), PNI-NPNs (Public Network-Integrated NPNs) and network slicing, private networks based on LTE and 5G technologies have gained recognition as an all-inclusive connectivity platform for critical communications, Industry 4.0 and enterprise transformation-related applications. Traditionally, these sectors have been dominated by LMR (Land Mobile Radio), Wi-Fi, industrial Ethernet, fiber and other disparate networks.

The liberalization of spectrum is another factor that is accelerating the adoption of private LTE and 5G networks. National regulators across the globe have released or are in the process of granting access to shared and local area licensed spectrum. Examples include the three-tiered CBRS (Citizens Broadband Radio Service) spectrum sharing scheme in the United States, Canadas NCL (Non-Competitive Local) licensing framework, Germanys 3.7-3.8 GHz and 28 GHz licenses for 5G campus networks, United Kingdoms shared and local access licensing model, Irelands planned licensing regime for local area WBB (Wireless Broadband) systems, Frances vertical spectrum and sub-letting arrangements, Spains reservation of the 26 GHz band for self-provisioned local networks, Netherlands 3.5 GHz licenses for plot-based networks, Switzerlands NPN spectrum assignment in the 3.4-3.5 GHz band, Finlands 2.3 GHz and 26 GHz licenses for local 4G/5G networks, Swedens 3.7 GHz and 26 GHz permits, Norways regulation of local networks in the 3.8-4.2 GHz band, Polands spectrum assignment for local government units and enterprises, Bahrains private 5G network licenses, Japans 4.6-4.9 GHz and 28 GHz local 5G network licenses, South Koreas e-Um 5G allocations in the 4.7 GHz and 28 GHz bands, Taiwans provision of 4.8-4.9 GHz spectrum for private 5G networks, Hong Kongs LWBS (Localized Wireless Broadband System) licenses, Australias apparatus licensing approach and Brazils SLP (Private Limited Service) licenses. Vast swaths of globally and regionally harmonized license-exempt spectrum are also available worldwide that can be used for the operation of unlicensed LTE and 5G NR-U equipment for private networks. In addition, dedicated national spectrum in sub-1 GHz and higher frequencies has been allocated for specific critical communications-related applications in many countries.

LTE and 5G-based private cellular networks come in many different shapes and sizes, including isolated end-to-end NPNs in industrial and enterprise settings, local RAN equipment for targeted cellular coverage, dedicated on-premise core network functions, virtual sliced private networks, secure MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator) platforms for critical communications, and wide area networks for application scenarios such as PPDR (Public Protection & Disaster Relief) broadband, smart utility grids, railway communications and A2G (Air-to-Ground) connectivity. However, it is important to note that equipment suppliers, system integrators, private network specialists, mobile operators and other ecosystem players have slightly different perceptions as to what exactly constitutes a private cellular network. While there is near universal consensus that private LTE and 5G networks refer to purpose-built cellular communications systems intended for the exclusive use of vertical industries and enterprises, some industry participants extend this definition to also include other market segments – for example, 3GPP-based community and residential broadband networks deployed by non-traditional service providers. Another closely related segment is neutral host infrastructure for shared or multi-operator coverage enhancement in indoor environments or underserved outdoor areas.

Despite the somewhat differing views on market definition, one thing is clear – private LTE and 5G networks are continuing their upward trajectory with deployments targeting a multitude of use cases across various industries. These range from localized wireless systems for dedicated connectivity in factories, warehouses, mines, power plants, substations, offshore wind farms, oil and gas facilities, construction sites, maritime ports, airports, hospitals, stadiums, office buildings and university campuses to regional and nationwide sub-1 GHz private wireless broadband networks for utilities, FRMCS (Future Railway Mobile Communication System)-ready networks for train-to-ground communications and hybrid government-commercial public safety LTE networks. Custom-built cellular networks have also been implemented in locations as remote as Antarctica, and there are even plans for installations on the moons surface and outer space.

The expanding influence of the private LTE and 5G network market is evident from the recent use of rapidly deployable private cellular network-in-a-box systems for professional TV broadcasting, enhanced fan engagement and gameplay operations at major sports events, including Paris 2024 Olympics, 2024 UEFA European Football Championship, North West 200 Motorcycle Race, 2024 World Rowing Cup III, New York Sail Grand Prix, 2024 PGA Championship, 2024 UFL Championship Game and 2024 NFL International Games, as well as the Republican and Democratic national conventions in the run up to the 2024 United States presidential election.

Other examples of high-impact private LTE/5G engagements include but are not limited to multi-site, multi-national private cellular deployments at the industrial facilities of Airbus, BMW, Chevron, John Deere, LG Electronics, Midea, Tesla, Toyota, Volkswagen, Walmart and several other household brand names; Aramcos (Saudi Arabian Oil Company) 450 MHz 3GPP network project and ADNOCS (Abu Dhabi National Oil Company) 11,000-square kilometer private 5G network for connecting thousands of remote wells and pipelines; defense sector 5G programs for the adoption of tactical cellular systems and permanent private 5G networks at military bases in the United States, Germany, Spain, Norway, Japan and South Korea; service territory-wide private wireless projects of 450connect, Ameren, CPFL Energia, ESB Networks, Evergy, Neoenergia, PGE (Polish Energy Group), SDG&E (San Diego Gas & Electric), Tampa Electric, Xcel Energy and other utility companies; and the recent implementation of a private 5G network at Belgiums Nobelwind offshore wind farm as part of a broader European effort to secure critical infrastructure in the North Sea.

There has also been a surge in the adoption of private wireless small cells as a cost-effective alternative to DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems) for delivering neutral host public cellular coverage in carpeted enterprise spaces, public venues, hospitals, hotels, higher education campuses and schools. This trend is particularly prevalent in the United States due to the open accessibility of the license-exempt GAA (General Authorized Access) tier of 3.5 GHz CBRS spectrum. Some examples of private network deployments supporting neutral host connectivity to one or more national mobile operators include Metas corporate offices, City of Hope Hospital, SHC (Stanford Health Care), Sound Hotel, Gale South Beach Hotel, Nobu Hotel, ASU (Arizona State University), Cal Poly (California Polytechnic State University), University of Virginia, Duke University and Parkside Elementary School.

SNS Telecom & IT estimates that global spending on private LTE and 5G network infrastructure for vertical industries will grow at a CAGR of approximately 20% between 2024 and 2027, eventually accounting for more than $6 Billion by the end of 2027. Close to 60% of these investments – an estimated $3.5 Billion – will be directed towards the buildout of standalone private 5G networks, which will become the predominant wireless communications medium to support the ongoing Industry 4.0 revolution for the digitization and automation of manufacturing and process industries. This unprecedented level of growth is likely to transform private LTE and 5G networks into an almost parallel equipment ecosystem to public mobile operator infrastructure in terms of market size by the late 2020s. By 2030, private networks could account for as much as a fifth of all mobile network infrastructure spending.

The “Private LTE & 5G Network Ecosystem: 2024 – 2030 – Opportunities, Challenges, Strategies, Industry Verticals & Forecasts” report presents an in-depth assessment of the private LTE and 5G network ecosystem, including the value chain, market drivers, barriers to uptake, enabling technologies, operational and business models, vertical industries, application scenarios, key trends, future roadmap, standardization, spectrum availability and allocation, regulatory landscape, case studies, ecosystem player profiles and strategies. The report also presents global and regional market size forecasts from 2024 to 2030. The forecasts cover three infrastructure submarkets, two technology generations, four spectrum licensing models, 16 vertical industries and five regional markets.

The report comes with an associated Excel datasheet suite covering quantitative data from all numeric forecasts presented in the report, as well as a database of over 7,300 global private LTE/5G engagements – as of Q4’2024.""
Topics Covered
The report covers the following topics:
- Introduction to private LTE and 5G networks
- Value chain and ecosystem structure
- Market drivers and challenges
- System architecture and key elements of private LTE and 5G networks
- Operational and business models, network size, geographic reach and other practical aspects of private LTE and 5G networks
- Critical communications broadband evolution, Industry 4.0, enterprise transformation and other themes shaping the adoption of private LTE and 5G networks
- Enabling technologies and concepts, including 3GPP-defined MCX, URLLC, TSC, DetNet, NR-U, SNPN and PNI-NPN, RedCap, cellular IoT, high-precision positioning, network slicing, edge computing and network automation capabilities
- Key trends such as the emergence of new classes of specialized network operators, shared and local area spectrum licensing, private NaaS (Network-as-a-Service) offerings, IT/OT convergence, Open RAN, vRAN and rapidly deployable LTE/5G systems
- Analysis of vertical industries and application scenarios, extending from mission-critical group communications and real-time video transmission to reconfigurable wireless production lines, collaborative mobile robots, AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles) and untethered AR/VR/MR (Augmented, Virtual & Mixed Reality)
- Future roadmap of private LTE and 5G networks
- Review of private LTE and 5G network installations worldwide, including 160 case studies spanning 16 verticals
- Database tracking more than 7,300 private LTE and 5G engagements in over 130 countries across the globe
- Spectrum availability, allocation and usage across the global, regional and national domains
- Standardization, regulatory and collaborative initiatives
- Profiles and strategies of more than 1,800 ecosystem players
- Strategic recommendations for LTE/5G equipment and chipset suppliers, system integrators, private network specialists, mobile operators and end user organizations
- Exclusive interview transcripts from 24 companies across the private LTE/5G value chain: A5G Networks, Anritsu, Ataya, Ballast Networks, CableFree (Wireless Excellence), Cavli Wireless, Celona, Digi International, Druid Software, Ericsson, Future Technologies Venture, InfiniG, JMA Wireless, MosoLabs, Neutroon, Nokia, Pente Networks, Picocom, RADTONICS, Shabodi, Sigma Wireless, Telrad Networks, T-Mobile US and X4000 Communications
- Market analysis and forecasts from 2024 to 2030

Forecast Segmentation
Market forecasts are provided for each of the following submarkets and their subcategories:
Infrastructure Submarkets
- RAN (LTE & 5G NR Radio Access Network)
Base Station RUs (Radio Units)
DUs/CUs (Distributed & Centralized Baseband Units)
- Mobile Core (EPC & 5GC)
User Plane Functions
Control Plane Functions
- Transport Network (Fronthaul, Midhaul & Backhaul)
Fiber & Wireline
Microwave
Satellite Communications

Technology Generations
- LTE
- 5G

Cell Sizes
- Small Cells
Indoor
Outdoor
- Macrocells

Spectrum Licensing Models
- Mobile Operator-Owned Spectrum
- Wide Area Licensed Spectrum
- Shared & Local Area Licensed Spectrum
- Unlicensed Spectrum

Frequency Ranges
- Low-Band (Sub-1 GHz)
- Mid-Band (1-6 GHz)
- High-Band mmWave (Millimeter Wave)

End User Markets
- Vertical Industries
Agriculture
Aviation
Broadcasting
Construction
Education
Forestry
Healthcare
Manufacturing
Military
Mining
Oil & Gas
Ports & Maritime Transport
Public Safety
Railways
Utilities
Warehousing & Others
- Offices, Buildings & Public Venues

Regional Markets
- North America
- Asia Pacific
- Europe
- Middle East & Africa
- Latin & Central America

Key Questions Answered
The report provides answers to the following key questions:
- How big is the private LTE and 5G network opportunity?
- What trends, drivers and challenges are influencing its growth?
- What will the market size be in 2027, and at what rate will it grow?
- Which submarkets, verticals and regions will see the highest percentage of growth?
- What is the status of private LTE and 5G network adoption in each country, and what are the primary application scenarios of these networks?
- How is private cellular connectivity facilitating the digital transformation of agriculture, manufacturing, mining, oil and gas, transportation, utilities, warehousing and other vertical industries?
- What are the practical and quantifiable benefits of private LTE and 5G networks in terms of productivity improvement, cost reduction and worker safety?
- How are MCPTT capabilities enabling the transition from narrowband LMR systems to 3GPP-based private broadband networks?
- How can satellite backhaul and direct-to-device NTN access expand the reach of private networks in remote environments?
- What are the key characteristics of standalone private 5G networks, and when will URLLC, TSC, RedCap and other 3GPP-defined IIoT features be widely employed?
- Where does network slicing for differentiated service requirements fit in the private cellular networking landscape?
- How can private edge computing accommodate latency-sensitive applications while enhancing data sovereignty and security?
- What are the existing and candidate frequency bands for the operation of private LTE and 5G networks?
- How are CBRS and other coordinated shared/local spectrum licensing frameworks accelerating the uptake of private networks?
- What are the prospects of private 5G networks operating in mmWave spectrum?
- When will sub-1 GHz critical communications LTE networks begin their transition to 5G technology?
- What is the impact of post-pandemic changes on private LTE and 5G network deployments?
- How are telecommunications infrastructure giants, national mobile operators and other incumbents asserting their presence in the market?
- What opportunities exist for managed private LTE/5G service providers, neutral host operators, global system integrators, hyperscalers and other new entrants?
- Who are the key ecosystem players, and what are their strategies?
- What strategies should LTE/5G equipment suppliers, system integrators, private network specialists and mobile operators adopt to remain competitive?

Key Findings
The report has the following key findings:
- SNS Telecom & IT estimates that global spending on private LTE and 5G network infrastructure for vertical industries will grow at a CAGR of approximately 20% between 2024 and 2027, eventually accounting for more than $6 Billion by the end of 2027.
- Close to 60% of these investments – an estimated $3.5 Billion – will be directed towards the buildout of standalone private 5G networks, which will become the predominant wireless communications medium to support the ongoing Industry 4.0 revolution for the digitization and automation of manufacturing and process industries.
- This unprecedented level of growth is likely to transform private LTE and 5G networks into an almost parallel equipment ecosystem to public mobile operator infrastructure in terms of market size by the late 2020s. By 2030, private networks could account for as much as a fifth of all mobile network infrastructure spending.
- Although 5GC (5G Core) infrastructure for standalone 5G connectivity services has been deployed by less than a tenth of the worlds approximately 800 public mobile operators, the technology is experiencing much greater success in the relatively smaller but burgeoning private cellular segment where its performance and system efficiency advantages compared to non-standalone 5G networks are more easily consumable in the short term.
- Existing private cellular network deployments range from localized wireless systems for dedicated connectivity in factories, warehouses, mines, power plants, substations, offshore wind farms, oil and gas facilities, construction sites, maritime ports, airports, hospitals, stadiums, office buildings and university campuses to regional and nationwide sub-1 GHz private wireless broadband networks for utilities, FRMCS-ready networks for train-to-ground communications and hybrid government-commercial public safety broadband networks, as well as rapidly deployable LTE/5G network-in-a-box systems for professional TV broadcasting, sports and entertainment events, emergency response operations and tactical communications.
- There has also been a surge in the adoption of private wireless small cells as a cost-effective alternative to DAS for delivering neutral host public cellular coverage in carpeted enterprise spaces, public venues, hospitals, hotels, higher education campuses and schools. This trend is particularly prevalent in the United States due to the open accessibility of the license-exempt GAA tier of 3.5 GHz CBRS spectrum.
- As for the practical and quantifiable benefits of private LTE and 5G networks, end user organizations have credited private cellular network installations with productivity and efficiency gains for specific manufacturing, quality control and intralogistics processes in the range of 20 to 90%, cost savings as high as 40% and an uplift of up to 80% in worker safety and accident reduction.
- As highlighted previously, spectrum liberalization initiatives – particularly shared and local spectrum licensing frameworks – are playing a pivotal role in accelerating the adoption of private LTE and 5G networks. Telecommunications regulators in multiple national markets – including the United States, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Spain, Netherlands, Switzerland, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Poland, Slovenia, Bahrain, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Australia and Brazil – have released or are in the process of granting access to shared and local area licensed spectrum.
- Although Nokia, Ericsson, Samsung and Huawei continue to lead the private cellular market in terms of infrastructure sales, there is much greater vendor diversity than in the public mobile network segment with the likes of Celona and Baicells making their presence known in markets as far afield as the United States, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Japan and China.
- Other notable mentions include mobile core vendor Druid Software, whose 4G and 5G core platform has been deployed for private networks worldwide; Fujitsu and NEC Corporation for their strong presence in Japans local 5G market; JMA Wireless, which has one of the largest numbers of registered CBSDs (CBRS Devices) in the United States; converged 4G/5G mobile core provider Cisco Systems; 4G/5G RAN vendor Airspan Networks; and end-to-end RAN and core network supplier Telrad Networks. HPE, which acquired mobile core technology specialist Athonet in 2023, has recently launched a full-stack private cellular offering, including its own line of 4G/5G small cells.
- By capitalizing on their extensive licensed spectrum holdings, infrastructure assets and cellular networking expertise, national mobile operators have continued to retain a significant presence in the private LTE and 5G network market, even in countries where shared and local area licensed spectrum is available.
- With an expanded focus on vertical B2B (Business-to-Business) opportunities in the 5G era, mobile operators are actively involved in diverse projects extending from localized 5G networks for secure and reliable wireless connectivity in industrial and enterprise environments to sliced hybrid public-private networks that integrate on-premise 5G infrastructure with a dedicated slice of public mobile network resources for wide area coverage.
- New classes of private network service providers, network management and orchestration platform providers, 5G security specialists and system integrators are also well-positioned for success in the market as are the private 5G business units of neutral host infrastructure providers such as Boldyn Networks, American Tower, Boingo Wireless, Crown Castle, Freshwave and Digita.
- NTT, Kyndryl, Accenture, Capgemini, EY (Ernst & Young), Deloitte, KPMG and other global system integrators have been quick to seize the private cellular opportunity with strategic technology alliances and early commercial wins. Meanwhile, hyperscalers – most notably AWS (Amazon Web Services), Google and Microsoft – are offering managed private 5G services by leveraging their cloud and edge platforms.""

1 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Executive Summary
1.2 Topics Covered
1.3 Forecast Segmentation
1.4 Key Questions Answered
1.5 Key Findings
1.6 Summary of Private LTE/5G Engagements
1.7 Methodology
1.8 Target Audience

2 Chapter 2: An Overview of Private LTE & 5G Networks
2.1 An Introduction to the 3GPP-Defined LTE & 5G Standards
2.1.1 LTE: The First Global Standard for Cellular Communications
2.1.2 LTE-Advanced: Delivering the Promise of True 4G Performance
2.1.3 LTE-Advanced Pro: Laying the Foundation for the 5G Era
2.1.4 5G: Accelerating 3GPP Expansion in Vertical Industries
2.1.4.1 5G Service Profiles
2.1.4.1.1 eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband)
2.1.4.1.2 URLLC (Ultra-Reliable, Low-Latency Communications)
2.1.4.1.3 mMTC/mIoT (Massive Machine-Type Communications/Internet of Things)
2.1.5 5G-Advanced & the Evolution to 6G
2.2 Why Adopt LTE & 5G-Based Private Wireless Networks?
2.2.1 Performance, Mobility, Reliability & Security Characteristics
2.2.2 Ability to Address Both Wide Area & Localized Coverage Needs
2.2.3 Variety of Frequency Bands, Bandwidth Flexibility & Spectral Efficiency
2.2.4 Interworking With Public Mobile Networks & Non-3GPP Technologies
2.2.5 3GPP Support for Industrial-Grade & Mission-Critical Applications
2.2.6 Future-Proof Transition Path Towards 6G Networks
2.2.7 Thriving Ecosystem of Chipsets, Devices & Network Equipment
2.2.8 Economic Viability of Deployment & Operational Costs
2.3 Key Themes Influencing the Adoption of Private LTE & 5G Networks
2.3.1 Critical Communications Broadband Evolution
2.3.2 Industry 4.0-Driven Wireless Connectivity Requirements
2.3.3 Localized Cellular Coverage for Enterprise Transformation Initiatives
2.3.4 Neutral Hosting, Smart Cities, Community Broadband & Other Themes
2.4 Practical Aspects of Private LTE & 5G Networks
2.4.1 LTE & 5G Technology Deployment Modes
2.4.1.1 LTE
2.4.1.2 NSA (Non-Standalone) 5G
2.4.1.3 SA (Standalone) 5G
2.4.2 Spectrum Options
2.4.2.1 National Spectrum for Specific Applications
2.4.2.1.1 Defense & PPDR (Public Protection & Disaster Relief)
2.4.2.1.2 Utilities & Critical Infrastructure Industries
2.4.2.1.3 Aviation, Maritime & Railway Communications
2.4.2.1.4 Other Segments
2.4.2.2 Local Area Licensed Spectrum
2.4.2.2.1 Local Area Licenses for Enterprises & Vertical Users
2.4.2.2.2 Local Leasing of Public Mobile Operator Frequencies
2.4.2.2.3 ASA (Authorized Shared Access) & Light Licensing
2.4.2.3 Unlicensed Spectrum
2.4.2.3.1 Designated License-Exempt Bands
2.4.2.3.2 Opportunistic Unlicensed Access
2.4.3 Network Size & Geographic Reach
2.4.3.1 Wide Area Private Cellular Networks
2.4.3.2 Medium-Scale Local Area Networks
2.4.3.3 On-Premise Campus Networks
2.4.4 Operational Scenarios
2.4.4.1 Isolated NPNs (Non-Public Networks)
2.4.4.2 Public Mobile Operator-Integrated NPNs
2.4.4.2.1 Dedicated Mobile Operator RAN Coverage
2.4.4.2.2 Shared RAN With On-Premise Core
2.4.4.2.3 Shared RAN & Control Plane
2.4.4.2.4 NPNs Hosted By Public Networks
2.4.4.3 Virtual Sliced Private Networks
2.4.4.4 Hybrid Public-Private Networks
2.4.4.5 Shared Core Private Networks
2.4.4.6 Secure MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator) Arrangements
2.4.4.7 Other Approaches
2.4.5 Business Models
2.4.5.1 Fully Independent Private Networks
2.4.5.2 Service Provider-Managed Private Networks
2.4.5.3 Hybrid Ownership, Management & Control
2.4.5.4 Private NaaS (Network-as-a-Service)
2.4.5.5 Other Business Models
2.5 The Value Chain of Private LTE & 5G Networks
2.5.1 Semiconductor & Enabling Technology Specialists
2.5.2 Terminal OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers)
2.5.3 RAN, Core & Transport Infrastructure Suppliers
2.5.4 Service Providers
2.5.4.1 Critical Communications, Industrial, OT & IT System Integrators
2.5.4.2 Pure-Play Private 4G/5G Network Operators
2.5.4.3 National Mobile Operators
2.5.4.4 MVNOs
2.5.4.5 Neutral Hosts
2.5.4.6 Towercos (Tower Companies)
2.5.4.7 Cloud & Edge Platform Providers
2.5.4.8 Fixed-Line Service Providers
2.5.4.9 Fiber Network Operators
2.5.4.10 Satellite Communications Service Providers
2.5.5 End User Organizations
2.5.6 Other Ecosystem Players
2.6 Market Drivers
2.6.1 Growing Demand for High-Bandwidth & Low-Latency Wireless Applications
2.6.2 Endorsement From the Critical Communications & Industry 4.0 Sectors
2.6.3 Limited Public Cellular Coverage in Indoor, Industrial & Remote Environments
2.6.4 Availability of Suitable Spectrum Options for Private Use
2.6.5 Guaranteed Connectivity & QoS (Quality-of-Service) Control
2.6.6 Greater Levels of Network Security & Data Privacy
2.6.7 Operators & Vendors Desire for New Revenue Sources
2.6.8 Government-Funded 5G Innovation Initiatives
2.7 Market Barriers
2.7.1 Cost & ROI (Return-On-Investment) Justification
2.7.2 Technical Complexities of Network Deployment & Operation
2.7.3 Integration With Existing Infrastructure & Applications
2.7.4 Limited Scale Effects Due to Lack of Spectrum Harmonization
2.7.5 Competition From Non-3GPP Technologies & Solutions
2.7.6 LTE/5G Terminal Equipment-Related Challenges
2.7.7 Skills Gap & Shortage of Proficient Engineers
2.7.8 Conservatism & Slow Pace of Change

3 Chapter 3: Private LTE/5G System Architecture & Technologies
3.1 Architectural Components of Private LTE/5G Networks
3.2 UE (User Equipment)
3.2.1 Smartphones & Handportable Devices
3.2.2 Industrial-Grade Routers & Gateways
3.2.3 Mobile Hotspots & Vehicular Terminals
3.2.4 Fixed Wireless CPEs (Customer Premises Equipment)
3.2.5 Tablets & Notebook PCs
3.2.6 Smart Wearables
3.2.7 Cellular IoT Modules
3.2.8 Add-On Dongles
3.3 RAN (Radio Access Network)
3.3.1 E-UTRAN – LTE RAN
3.3.1.1 eNBs – LTE Base Stations
3.3.2 NG-RAN – 5G NR Access Network
3.3.2.1 gNBs – 5G NR Base Stations
3.3.2.2 en-gNBs – Secondary Node 5G NR Base Stations
3.3.2.3 ng-eNBs – Next-Generation LTE Base Stations
3.3.3 Architectural Components of eNB/gNB Base Stations
3.3.3.1 RUs (Radio Units)
3.3.3.2 Integrated Radio & Baseband Units
3.3.3.3 DUs (Distributed Baseband Units)
3.3.3.4 CUs (Centralized Baseband Units)
3.4 Mobile Core
3.4.1 EPC (Evolved Packet Core): LTE Mobile Core
3.4.1.1 SGW (Serving Gateway)
3.4.1.2 PGW (Packet Data Network Gateway)
3.4.1.3 MME (Mobility Management Entity)
3.4.1.4 HSS (Home Subscriber Server)
3.4.1.5 PCRF (Policy Charging & Rules Function)
3.4.2 5GC (5G Core): Core Network for Standalone 5G Implementations
3.4.2.1 Access, Mobility & Session Management
3.4.2.1.1 AMF (Access & Mobility Management Function)
3.4.2.1.2 SMF (Session Management Function)
3.4.2.1.3 UPF (User Plane Function)
3.4.2.2 Subscription & Data Management
3.4.2.2.1 AUSF (Authentication Server Function)
3.4.2.2.2 AAnF (AKMA Anchor Function)
3.4.2.2.3 UDM (Unified Data Management)
3.4.2.2.4 UDR (Unified Data Repository)
3.4.2.2.5 UDSF (Unstructured Data Storage Function)
3.4.2.2.6 UCMF (UE Radio Capability Management Function)
3.4.2.2.7 5G-EIR (5G Equipment Identity Register)
3.4.2.3 Policy & Charging
3.4.2.3.1 PCF (Policy Control Function)
3.4.2.3.2 CHF (Charging Function)
3.4.2.4 Signaling & Routing
3.4.2.4.1 SCP (Service Communication Proxy)
3.4.2.4.2 SEPP (Security Edge Protection Proxy)
3.4.2.4.3 BSF (Binding Support Function)
3.4.2.5 Network Resource Management
3.4.2.5.1 NEF (Network Exposure Function)
3.4.2.5.2 NRF (Network Repository Function)
3.4.2.5.3 NSSF (Network Slice Selection Function)
3.4.2.5.4 NSSAAF (Network Slice-Specific & SNPN Authentication-Authorization Function)
3.4.2.5.5 NSACF (Network Slice Admission Control Function)
3.4.2.6 Data Analytics & Automation
3.4.2.6.1 NWDAF (Network Data Analytics Function)
3.4.2.6.2 AnLF (Analytics Logical Function)
3.4.2.6.3 MTLF (Model Training Logical Function)
3.4.2.6.4 DCCF (Data Collection Coordination Function)
3.4.2.6.5 ADRF (Analytics Data Repository Function)
3.4.2.6.6 MFAF (Messaging Framework Adaptor Function)
3.4.2.6.7 MDAF (Management Data Analytics Function)
3.4.2.7 Location Services
3.4.2.7.1 LMF (Location Management Function)
3.4.2.7.2 GMLC (Gateway Mobile Location Center)
3.4.2.8 Application Enablement
3.4.2.8.1 AFs (Application Functions)
3.4.2.8.2 SMSF (Short Message Service Function)
3.4.2.8.3 CBCF (Cell Broadcast Center Function)
3.4.2.8.4 5G DDNMF (5G Direct Discovery Name Management Function)
3.4.2.8.5 TSCTSF (Time-Sensitive Communication & Time Synchronization Function)
3.4.2.8.6 TSN AF (Time-Sensitive Networking Application Function)
3.4.2.8.7 EASDF (Edge Application Server Discovery Function)
3.4.2.9 Multicast-Broadcast Support
3.4.2.9.1 MB-SMF (Multicast-Broadcast SMF)
3.4.2.9.2 MB-UPF (Multicast-Broadcast UPF)
3.4.2.9.3 MBSF (Multicast-Broadcast Service Function)
3.4.2.9.4 MBSTF (Multicast-Broadcast Service Transport Function)
3.5 Transport Network
3.5.1 Fronthaul: RU-to-DU Transport
3.5.2 Midhaul: DU-to-CU Transport
3.5.3 Backhaul: RAN-to-Core Transport
3.5.4 Physical Transmission Mediums
3.5.4.1 Fiber & Wireline Transport Technologies
3.5.4.1.1 Owned, Lit & Dark Fiber
3.5.4.1.2 Ethernet & IP-Based Transport
3.5.4.1.3 WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
3.5.4.1.4 PON (Passive Optical Network)
3.5.4.1.5 OTN (Optical Transport Network)
3.5.4.1.6 DOCSIS, G.fast & Other Technologies
3.5.4.2 Microwave & mmWave (Millimeter Wave) Wireless Links
3.5.4.2.1 Traditional Bands (6 – 42 GHz)
3.5.4.2.2 V-Band (60 GHz)
3.5.4.2.3 E-Band (70/80 GHz)
3.5.4.2.4 W-Band (92 – 114.25 GHz)
3.5.4.2.5 D-Band (130 – 174.8 GHz)
3.5.4.3 Satellite Communications
3.5.4.3.1 GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit)
3.5.4.3.2 MEO (Medium Earth Orbit)
3.5.4.3.3 LEO (Low Earth Orbit)
3.6 Services & Interconnectivity
3.6.1 End User Application Services
3.6.1.1 Generic Broadband, Messaging & IoT Services
3.6.1.2 IMS Core: VoLTE-VoNR (Voice-Over-LTE/5G NR) & MMTel (Multimedia Telephony)
3.6.1.3 MBMS, eMBMS, FeMBMS & 5G MBS/5MBS (5G Multicast-Broadcast Services)
3.6.1.4 Group Communications & MCS (Mission-Critical Services)
3.6.1.5 IIoT (Industrial IoT), Cyber-Physical Control & Domain-Specific Connected Services
3.6.1.6 ProSe (Proximity-Based Services) for Direct D2D (Device-to-Device) Discovery & Communications
3.6.1.7 Vehicular, Aviation, Maritime & Railway-Related Applications
3.6.1.8 3GPP Service Frameworks for Vertical Industries
3.6.1.8.1 CAPIF (Common API Framework)
3.6.1.8.2 SEAL (Service Enabler Architecture Layer for Verticals)
3.6.1.8.3 EDGEAPP (Architecture for Enabling Edge Applications)
3.6.1.9 VAL (Vertical Application Layer) Enablers
3.6.1.9.1 V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything)
3.6.1.9.2 UAS (Uncrewed Aerial Systems)
3.6.1.9.3 5GMARCH/MSGin5G (Messaging in 5G)
3.6.1.9.4 FF (Factories of the Future)
3.6.1.9.5 PINAPP (Personal IoT Networks), XR (Extended Reality) & Others
3.6.2 Interconnectivity With 3GPP & Non-3GPP Networks
3.6.2.1 3GPP Roaming & Service Continuity
3.6.2.1.1 National & International Roaming
3.6.2.1.2 Service Continuity Outside Network Footprint
3.6.2.2 Non-3GPP Network Integration
3.6.2.2.1 ePDG (Evolved Packet Data Gateway)
3.6.2.2.2 TWAG/TWAP (Trusted WLAN Access Gateway/Proxy)
3.6.2.2.3 ANDSF (Access Network Discovery & Selection Function)
3.6.2.2.4 N3IWF (Non-3GPP Interworking Function)
3.6.2.2.5 TNGF (Trusted Non-3GPP Gateway Function)
3.6.2.2.6 TWIF (Trusted WLAN Interworking Function)
3.6.2.2.7 NSWOF (Non-Seamless WLAN Offload Function)
3.6.2.2.8 W-AGF (Wireline Access Gateway Function)
3.6.2.2.9 IWF (Interworking Function) for LMR (Land Mobile Radio)
3.6.2.2.10 ATSSS (Access Traffic Steering, Switching & Splitting)
3.7 Key Enabling Technologies & Concepts
3.7.1 3GPP Support for NPNs (Non-Public Networks)
3.7.1.1 Types of NPNs
3.7.1.1.1 SNPNs (Standalone NPNs)
3.7.1.1.2 PNI-NPNs (Public Network-Integrated NPNs)
3.7.1.2 SNPN Identification & Selection
3.7.1.3 PNI-NPN Resource Allocation & Isolation
3.7.1.4 CAG (Closed Access Group) for Cell Access Control
3.7.1.5 Mobility, Roaming & Service Continuity
3.7.1.6 Interworking Between SNPNs & Public Networks
3.7.1.7 UE Configuration & Subscription-Related Aspects
3.7.1.8 Other 3GPP-Defined Capabilities for NPNs
3.7.2 Critical Communications
3.7.2.1 MCX (Mission-Critical PTT, Video & Data)
3.7.2.2 QPP (QoS, Priority & Preemption)
3.7.2.3 IOPS (Isolated Operation for Public Safety)
3.7.2.4 Cell Site & Infrastructure Hardening
3.7.2.5 HPUE (High-Power User Equipment)
3.7.2.6 Other UE-Related Functional Enhancements
3.7.3 Industry 4.0 & Cellular IoT
3.7.3.1 URLLC Techniques: High-Reliability & Low-Latency Enablers
3.7.3.2 5G LAN (Local Area Network)-Type Service
3.7.3.3 Integration With IEEE 802.1 TSN (Time-Sensitive Networking) Systems
3.7.3.4 Native 3GPP Framework for TSC (Time-Sensitive Communications)
3.7.3.5 Support for IETF DetNet (Deterministic Networking)
3.7.3.6 5G NR Light: RedCap (Reduced Capability) UE Type
3.7.3.7 eMTC, NB-IoT & mMTC: Wide Area & High-Density IoT Applications
3.7.4 High-Precision Positioning
3.7.4.1 Assisted-GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
3.7.4.2 RAN-Based Positioning Techniques
3.7.4.3 RAN-Independent Methods
3.7.5 Edge Computing
3.7.5.1 Optimizing Latency, Service Performance & Backhaul Costs
3.7.5.2 3GPP-Defined Features for Edge Computing Support
3.7.5.3 Public vs. Private Edge Computing
3.7.6 Network Slicing
3.7.6.1 Logical Partitioning of Network Resources
3.7.6.2 3GPP Functions, Identifiers & Procedures for Slicing
3.7.6.3 RAN Slicing
3.7.6.4 Mobile Core Slicing
3.7.6.5 Transport Network Slicing
3.7.6.6 UE-Based Network Slicing Features
3.7.6.7 Management & Orchestration Aspects
3.7.7 Network Sharing
3.7.7.1 Service-Specific PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) IDs
3.7.7.2 DNN (Data Network Name)/APN (Access Point Name)-Based Isolation
3.7.7.3 GWCN (Gateway Core Network): Core Network Sharing
3.7.7.4 MOCN (Multi-Operator Core Network): RAN & Spectrum Sharing
3.7.7.5 MORAN (Multi-Operator RAN): RAN Sharing Without Spectrum Pooling
3.7.7.6 DECOR (Dedicated Core) & eDECOR (Enhanced DECOR)
3.7.7.7 Roaming in Non-Overlapping Service Areas
3.7.7.8 Passive Sharing of Infrastructure Resources
3.7.8 E2E (End-to-End) Security
3.7.8.1 UE Authentication Framework
3.7.8.2 Subscriber Privacy
3.7.8.3 Air Interface Confidentiality & Integrity
3.7.8.4 Resilience Against Radio Jamming
3.7.8.5 RAN, Core & Transport Network Security
3.7.8.6 Security Aspects of Network Slicing
3.7.8.7 Application Domain Protection
3.7.8.8 Other Security Considerations
3.7.9 Shared & Unlicensed Spectrum
3.7.9.1 CBRS (Citizens Broadband Radio Service): Three-Tiered Sharing
3.7.9.2 LSA (Licensed Shared Access): Two-Tiered Sharing
3.7.9.3 Local Area Licensing of Shared Spectrum
3.7.9.4 LTE-U, LAA (Licensed Assisted Access), eLAA (Enhanced LAA) & FeLAA (Further Enhanced LAA)
3.7.9.5 MulteFire: Standalone LTE Operation in Unlicensed Spectrum
3.7.9.6 License-Exempt 1.9 GHz sXGP (Shared Extended Global Platform)
3.7.9.7 5G NR-U (NR in Unlicensed Spectrum)
3.7.10 Rapidly Deployable LTE & 5G Network Systems
3.7.10.1 NIB (Network-in-a-Box) Systems
3.7.10.2 Vehicular COWs (Cells-on-Wheels)
3.7.10.3 Aerial Cell Sites
3.7.10.4 Maritime Cellular Platforms
3.7.11 Direct Communications & Coverage Expansion
3.7.11.1 Sidelink for Direct Mode D2D Communications
3.7.11.2 UE-to-Network & UE-to-UE Relays
3.7.11.3 Indoor & Outdoor Small Cells
3.7.11.4 DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems)
3.7.11.5 IAB (Integrated Access & Backhaul)
3.7.11.6 Mobile IAB: VMRs (Vehicle-Mounted Relays)
3.7.11.7 NCRs (Network-Controlled Repeaters)
3.7.11.8 NTNs (Non-Terrestrial Networks)
3.7.11.9 ATG/A2G (Air-to-Ground) Connectivity
3.7.12 Cloud-Native, Software-Driven & Open Networking
3.7.12.1 Cloud-Native Technologies
3.7.12.2 Microservices & SBA (Service-Based Architecture)
3.7.12.3 Containerization of Network Functions
3.7.12.4 NFV (Network Functions Virtualization)
3.7.12.5 SDN (Software-Defined Networking)
3.7.12.6 Cloud Compute, Storage & Networking Infrastructure
3.7.12.7 APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)
3.7.12.8 Open RAN & Core Architectures
3.7.13 Network Intelligence & Automation
3.7.13.1 AI (Artificial Intelligence)
3.7.13.2 Machine & Deep Learning
3.7.13.3 Big Data & Advanced Analytics
3.7.13.4 SON (Self-Organizing Networks)
3.7.13.5 Intelligent Control, Management & Orchestration
3.7.13.6 Support for Network Intelligence & Automation in 3GPP Standards

4 Chapter 4: Key Vertical Industries & Applications
4.1 Cross-Sector & Enterprise Application Capabilities
4.1.1 Mobile Broadband
4.1.2 FWA (Fixed Wireless Access)
4.1.3 Voice & Messaging Services
4.1.4 High-Definition Video Transmission
4.1.5 Telepresence & Video Conferencing
4.1.6 Multimedia Broadcasting & Multicasting
4.1.7 IoT (Internet of Things) Networking
4.1.8 Wireless Connectivity for Wearables
4.1.9 Untethered AR/VR/MR (Augmented, Virtual & Mixed Reality)
4.1.10 Real-Time Holographic Projections
4.1.11 Tactile Internet & Haptic Feedback
4.1.12 Precise Positioning & Tracking
4.1.13 Industrial Automation
4.1.14 Remote Control of Machines
4.1.15 Connected Mobile Robotics
4.1.16 Unmanned & Autonomous Vehicles
4.1.17 BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line-of-Sight) Operation of Drones
4.1.18 Data-Driven Analytics & Insights
4.1.19 Sensor-Equipped Digital Twins
4.1.20 Predictive Maintenance of Assets
4.2 Vertical Industries & Specific Application Scenarios
4.2.1 Agriculture
4.2.1.1 Intelligent Monitoring of Crop, Soil & Weather Conditions
4.2.1.2 IoT & Advanced Analytics-Driven Yield Optimization
4.2.1.3 Sensor-Based Smart Irrigation Control Systems
4.2.1.4 Real-Time Tracking & Geofencing in Farms
4.2.1.5 Livestock & Aquaculture Health Management
4.2.1.6 Video-Based Remote Veterinary Inspections
4.2.1.7 Unmanned Autonomous Tractors & Farm Vehicles
4.2.1.8 Robots for Planting, Weeding & Harvesting
4.2.1.9 5G-Equipped Agricultural Drones
4.2.1.10 Connected Greenhouses & Vertical Farms
4.2.2 Aviation
4.2.2.1 Inflight Connectivity for Passengers & Cabin Crew
4.2.2.2 Connected Airports for Enhanced Traveler & Visitor Experience
4.2.2.3 Coordination of Ground Support Equipment, Vehicles & Personnel
4.2.2.4 ATM (Air Traffic Management) for Drones & Urban Air Mobility Vehicles
4.2.2.5 Wireless Upload of EFB (Electronic Flight Bag) & IFE (In-Flight Entertainment) Updates
4.2.2.6 Aircraft Data Offload for Operational & Maintenance Purposes
4.2.2.7 Video Surveillance of Airport Surface & Terminal Areas
4.2.2.8 5G-Enabled Remote Inspection & Repair of Aircraft
4.2.2.9 Navigation, Weather & Other IoT Sensors
4.2.2.10 Smart Baggage Handling
4.2.2.11 Asset Awareness & Tracking
4.2.2.12 Passenger Flow & Resource Management
4.2.2.13 Automation of Check-In & Boarding Procedures
4.2.2.14 Intelligent Airport Service Robots
4.2.3 Broadcasting
4.2.3.1 3GPP-Based PMSE (Program Making & Special Events)
4.2.3.2 Live AV (Audio-Visual) Media Production Using NPNs
4.2.3.3 Private 5G-Enabled Production in Remote Locations
4.2.3.4 Network Slicing for Contribution Feeds
4.2.3.5 Wire-Free Cameras & Microphones
4.2.3.6 Multicast & Broadcast Content Distribution
4.2.4 Construction
4.2.4.1 Wireless Connectivity for Construction Sites & Field Offices
4.2.4.2 Instantaneous Access to Business-Critical Applications
4.2.4.3 5G-Based Remote Control of Heavy Machinery
4.2.4.4 Autonomous Mobile Robots for Construction
4.2.4.5 IoT Sensor-Driven Maintenance of Equipment
4.2.4.6 Video Surveillance & Analytics for Site Security
4.2.4.7 Real-Time Visibility of Personnel, Assets & Materials
4.2.4.8 Aerial Surveying & Monitoring of Construction Sites
4.2.5 Education
4.2.5.1 Remote & Distance Learning Services
4.2.5.2 Mobile Access to Academic Resources
4.2.5.3 5G-Connected Smart Classrooms
4.2.5.4 Automation of Administrative Tasks
4.2.5.5 Personalized & Engaging Learning
4.2.5.6 AR/VR-Based Immersive Lessons
4.2.5.7 5G-Enabled Virtual Field Trips
4.2.5.8 Educational Telepresence Robots
4.2.6 Forestry
4.2.6.1 Wireless Connectivity for Forestry Operations & Recreation
4.2.6.2 5G-Facilitated Teleoperation of Forestry Equipment
4.2.6.3 Autonomous Harvesting & Milling Machinery
4.2.6.4 Real-Time Tracking of Equipment, Vehicles & Personnel
4.2.6.5 Cellular IoT Sensors for Biological & Environmental Monitoring
4.2.6.6 Wireless Cameras for Wildlife Observation, Conservation & Security
4.2.6.7 Early Wildfire Detection & Containment Systems
4.2.6.8 Drones for Search & Rescue Operations
4.2.7 Healthcare
4.2.7.1 5G-Connected Smart Hospitals & Healthcare Facilities
4.2.7.2 Wireless Transmission of Medical Imagery & Rich Datasets
4.2.7.3 Real-Time Monitoring of Patients in Acute & Intensive Care
4.2.7.4 Telehealth Video Consultations for Visual Assessment
4.2.7.5 Connectivity for AI-Based Healthcare Applications
4.2.7.6 AR Systems for Complex Medical Procedures
4.2.7.7 Remote-Controlled Surgery & Examination
4.2.7.8 Assisted Living & Rehabilitation Robotics
4.2.7.9 Immersive VR-Based Medical & Surgical Training
4.2.7.10 Connected Ambulances for EMS (Emergency Medical Services)
4.2.8 Manufacturing
4.2.8.1 Untethered Connectivity for Production & Process Automation
4.2.8.2 Wireless Motion Control & C2C (Control-to-Control) Communications
4.2.8.3 Cellular-Equipped Mobile Control Panels
4.2.8.4 Mobile Robots & AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles)
4.2.8.5 Autonomous Forklifts & Warehouse Robotics
4.2.8.6 AR-Facilitated Factory Floor Operations
4.2.8.7 Machine Vision-Based Quality Inspection
4.2.8.8 Closed-Loop Process Control
4.2.8.9 Process & Environmental Monitoring
4.2.8.10 Precise Indoor Positioning for Asset Management
4.2.8.11 Remote Access & Maintenance of Equipment
4.2.9 Military
4.2.9.1 5G-Based Tactical Battlefield Communications
4.2.9.2 Smart Military Bases & Command Posts
4.2.9.3 ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance)
4.2.9.4 Command & Control of Weapon Systems
4.2.9.5 Remote Operation of Robotics & Unmanned Assets
4.2.9.6 AR HUD (Heads-Up Display) Systems
4.2.9.7 Wireless VR/MR-Based Military Training
4.2.9.8 Perimeter Security & Force Protection
4.2.10 Mining
4.2.10.1 Safety-Critical Communications in Remote Mining Environments
4.2.10.2 Wireless Control of Drilling, Excavation & Related Equipment
4.2.10.3 Automated Loading, Haulage & Train Operations
4.2.10.4 Video-Based Monitoring of Personnel & Assets
4.2.10.5 Underground Positioning & Geofencing
4.2.10.6 Smart Ventilation & Water Management
4.2.10.7 Real-Time Operational Intelligence
4.2.10.8 AR & VR for Mining Operations
4.2.11 Oil & Gas
4.2.11.1 Wireless Connectivity for Remote Exploration & Production Sites
4.2.11.2 Critical Voice & Data-Based Mobile Workforce Communications
4.2.11.3 Push-to-Video & Telepresence Conferencing for Field Operations
4.2.11.4 Cellular-Equipped Surveillance Cameras for Situational Awareness
4.2.11.5 IoT Sensor-Enabled Remote Monitoring & Automation of Processes
4.2.11.6 SCADA (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition) Communications
4.2.11.7 Location Services for Worker Safety & Asset Tracking
4.2.11.8 AR Smart Helmets for Hands-Free Remote Assistance
4.2.11.9 Predictive Maintenance of Oil & Gas Facilities
4.2.11.10 Mobile Robots for Safety Hazard Inspections
4.2.12 Ports & Maritime Transport
4.2.12.1 Critical Communications for Port Workers
4.2.12.2 Automation of Port & Terminal Operations
4.2.12.3 5G-Connected AGVs for Container Transport
4.2.12.4 Remote-Controlled Cranes & Terminal Tractors
4.2.12.5 Video Analytics for Operational Purposes
4.2.12.6 Environmental & Condition Monitoring
4.2.12.7 Port Traffic Management & Control
4.2.12.8 AR & VR Applications for Port Digitization
4.2.12.9 Unmanned Aerial Inspections of Port Facilities
4.2.12.10 Private Cellular-Enabled Maritime Communications
4.2.12.11 Wireless Ship-to-Shore Connectivity in Nearshore Waters
4.2.12.12 5G-Facilitated Remote Steering of Unmanned Vessels
4.2.13 Public Safety
4.2.13.1 Mission-Critical PTT Voice Communications
4.2.13.2 Real-Time Video & High-Resolution Imagery
4.2.13.3 Messaging, File Transfer & Presence Services
4.2.13.4 Secure & Seamless Mobile Broadband Access
4.2.13.5 Location-Based Services & Enhanced Mapping
4.2.13.6 Multimedia CAD (Computer-Aided Dispatch)
4.2.13.7 Massive-Scale Video Surveillance & Analytics
4.2.13.8 Smart Glasses & AR Headgear for First Responders
4.2.13.9 5G-Equipped Police, Firefighting & Rescue Robots
4.2.13.10 5G MBS/5MBS in High-Density Environments
4.2.13.11 Sidelink-Based Direct Mode Communications
4.2.14 Railways
4.2.14.1 FRMCS (Future Railway Mobile Communication System)
4.2.14.2 Train-to-Ground & Train-to-Train Connectivity
4.2.14.3 Wireless Intra-Train Communications
4.2.14.4 Rail Operations-Critical Voice, Data & Video Services
4.2.14.5 ATO (Automatic Train Operation) & Traffic Management
4.2.14.6 Video Surveillance for Operational Safety & Security
4.2.14.7 Smart Maintenance of Railway Infrastructure
4.2.14.8 Intelligent Management of Logistics Facilities
4.2.14.9 Onboard Broadband Internet Access
4.2.14.10 PIS (Passenger Information Systems)
4.2.14.11 Smart Rail & Metro Station Services
4.2.15 Utilities
4.2.15.1 Multi-Service FANs (Field Area Networks)
4.2.15.2 Critical Applications for Field Workforce Communications
4.2.15.3 AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure)
4.2.15.4 DA (Distribution Automation) Systems
4.2.15.5 Microgrid & DER (Distributed Energy Resource) Integration
4.2.15.6 5G-Enabled VPPs (Virtual Power Plants)
4.2.15.7 Low-Latency SCADA Applications for Utilities
4.2.15.8 Teleprotection of Transmission & Distribution Grids
4.2.15.9 Video Monitoring for Critical Infrastructure Protection
4.2.15.10 Sensor-Based Detection of Water & Gas Leaks
4.2.15.11 AR Information Overlays for Repairs & Maintenance
4.2.15.12 Drone & Robot-Assisted Inspections of Utility Assets
4.2.15.13 Local Wireless Connectivity for Remote & Offshore Facilities
4.2.16 Warehousing & Other Verticals

List Of Tables

10T Tech
1NCE
1oT
29Metals
2TEST (Alkor-Communication)
3D-P
3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project)
450 MHz Alliance
450connect
4K Solutions
4RF
5G Campus Network Alliance
5G Forum (South Korea)
5G Health Association
5G Media Initiative
5GAA (5G Automotive Association)
5G-ACIA (5G Alliance for Connected Industries and Automation)
5GAIA (5G Applications Industry Array)
5GCT (5G Catalyst Technologies)
5GDNA (5G Deterministic Networking Alliance)
5GFF (5G Future Forum)
5G-MAG (5G Media Action Group)
5GMF (Fifth Generation Mobile Communication Promotion Forum, Japan)
5GSA (5G Slicing Association)
6G Finland
6GEM Consortium
6G-IA (6G Smart Networks and Services Industry Association)
6G-RIC (Research and Innovation Cluster)
6Harmonics/6WiLInk
6WIND
7-Eleven
7Layers
7P (Seven Principles)
8G Wireless
A Beep/Diga-Talk+
A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore)
A1 Hrvatska
A1 Telekom Austria Group
A10 Networks
A5G Networks
AAEON Technology
Aalborg University
AALTO HAPS
Aalto University
AAR (Association of American Railroads)
Aarna Networks
ABB
ABB Robotics
ABDI (Brazilian Agency for Industrial Development)
ABEL Mobilfunk
ABiT Corporation
ABP (Associated British Ports)
ABS
Abside Networks
Abu Dhabi Police
Accedian
AccelerComm
Accelink Technologies
Accelleran
Accenture
ACCESS CO.
Access Spectrum
Accesso
AccessParks
ACCF (Australasian Critical Communications Forum)
Accton Technology Corporation
Accu-Tech
Accuver
Ace Internet Services
ACE Technologies
AceAxis
AceTel (Ace Solutions)
Achronix Semiconductor Corporation
ACMA (Australian Communications and Media Authority)
ACMOSS (Agency for Operational Security & Rescue Mobile Communications, France)
ACOME
Acorn Wireless
ACPS (Albemarle County Public Schools)
Acromove
ACS (Applied Computer Solutions)
ACT (Aqaba Container Terminal)
Actelis Networks
Actemium (VINCI Energies)
Actility
Action Technologies (Shenzhen Action Technologies)
Actiontec Electronics
Active911
Actus Networks
AD Plastik
Adani Data Networks
Adani Group
Adax
Adcor Magnet Systems
Addis Ababa Light Rail
Adecoagro
Adelaide Airport
Adeunis
ADF (Australian Defence Force)
ADI (Analog Devices, Inc.)
Adif (Spanish Railway Infrastructure Administrator)
Adif AV (Alta Velocidad)
ADLINK Technology
ADMIE/IPTO (Independent Power Transmission Operator, Greece)
ADNOC (Abu Dhabi National Oil Company)
Adora Cruises
ADRF (Advanced RF Technologies)
ADT
Adtran
ADVA
Advanced Energy Industries
AdvanceTec Industries
Advantech
Advantech Wireless Technologies
AE Aerospace
AECC (Aero Engine Corporation of China)
AECC Commercial Aircraft Engine Company
AEG
Aegex Technologies
Aena
Aerial Applications
Aeris
Aero Wireless Group
AeroFarms
AeroMobile Communications
Aerostar International
Aervivo
Aethertek
Aetna Group
AFC (Asian Football Confederation)
Affarii Technologies
Affirmed Networks
AFL Global
AFRY
AGC
AGCO Corporation
AGCOM (Communications Regulatory Authority, Italy)
AGH University of Krakow
Agile (Agile Interoperable Solutions)
AGIS (Advanced Ground Information Systems)
AGM Mobile
Agnico Eagle Mines
AG-Placid
AgriBusiness Connect (Formerly AgriFood Connect)
Agroamb
Agropark NART
Aguas de Valencia
AGURRE (Association of Major Users of Operational Radio Networks, France)
AH NET (MVM NET)
AI-LINK
AINA Wireless
Air China
Air France
Airband Community Internet
Airbus
Airfide Networks
AirForestry
Airgain
AirHop Communications
Airlinq
Airport Authority Hong Kong
Airspan Networks
Airtower Networks
Airwaive
Airwave Developers
Airwave Solutions
Airwavz Solutions
AIS (Advanced Info Service)
AiVader
Ajman Police
Akamai Technologies
Aker Solutions
AKIS International
AKOS (Agency for Communication Networks and Services of the Republic of Slovenia)
Akoustis Technologies
Alaska Airlines
Alaxala Networks Corporation
ALBEDO Telecom
Albemarle Corporation
Albert Einstein Hospital
Albert Schweitzer Hospital
albis-elcon
ALBO (Hijos de Carlos Albo)
Alcadis
Alcatel-Lucent International
Alcoa
Alcobendas City Council
Aldenhoven Testing Center
ALE (Antarctic Logistics & Expeditions)
Alea
Alectra Utilities
Alef (Alef Edge)
Alepo
Alestra
Algar Telecom
Alibaba Group
Aliniant
Allbesmart
Allen Vanguard Wireless
Allerio
Alliander
Allied Telesis
Allot
Alnan Aluminium
Alpha Networks
Alpha Wireless
Alphabet
Alps Alpine
Alrosa
Alsa
Alsatis Réseaux
Alstom
Altaeros
altafiber (Cincinnati Bell)
Altair Semiconductor (Sony Semiconductor Israel)
AltaLink
ALTÁN Redes
ALTEN
Altice Group
Altice Labs
Altice Portugal
Altiostar
ALVIS (Argentina)
AM Telecom
AMA XpertEye
AMAGGI
Amantya Technologies
Amarisoft
Amata Corporation
Amazon
Ambra Solutions-ECOTEL
Ambulance Victoria
Ambulancezorg Groningen
AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)
Amdocs
Ameren
América Móvil
American Tower Corporation
AMI (American Megatrends International)
AMIT Wireless
AMN (Africa Mobile Networks)
AMPC (Australian Meat Processor Corporation)
Ampere Computing
Amphenol Corporation
Ampleon
Ampliphae
Amtele Communication
ANA (All Nippon Airways)
ANACOM (National Communications Authority, Portugal)
Anatel (National Telecommunications Agency, Brazil)
ANAX Metals
ANCOM (National Authority for Management and Regulation in Communications, Romania)
Andesat
ANDEX (Sendai)
ANDRA
ANDRO Computational Solutions
Anek Lines
Anglo American
AngloGold Ashanti
Angola Telecom
Angolan Ministry of Interior
Anhui Conch Cement
Anktion (Fujian) Technology
Anokiwave
Anotiva
Anritsu
ANS (Advanced Network Services)
Anshan Iron & Steel Group
Ansteel Group
Antamina
Antenna Company
Anterix
Antevia Networks
Antna Antenna Technology
Antofagasta Minerals
Antwerp Police
Antwerp-Bruges Port Authority
Aorotech
AOT (Airports of Thailand)
APA Group
APBA (Port Authority of Algeciras Bay)
APCO (Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials) International
Apex Technology Group
APH (Huelva Port Authority)
API (American Petroleum Institute)
APM Terminals (Maersk)
APN (All Purpose Networks)
APPA (American Public Power Association)
Apple
Applus+ IDIADA
APRESIA Systems
APSTAR (APT Satellite Company)
APT (Asia Pacific Telecom)
APTEL (Association of Proprietary Infrastructure and Private Telecommunications Systems Companies, Brazil)
aql
Aqualia
Aquila (Suzhou Aquila Solutions)
Aqura Technologies
ARA (American Rally Association)
Arabsat
Aramco (Saudi Arabian Oil Company)
Aramco Digital
ARBURG
Arcadyan Technology Corporation
Arçelik
ArcelorMittal
ARCEP (Regulatory Authority for Electronic Communications and Posts, France)
Archos
ARCIA (Australian Radio and Communications Industry Association)
Arctic Semiconductor (Formerly SiTune Corporation)
Ardea Resources
Arete M
AREU (Lombardy Regional Emergency Service Agency)
AREX (Airport Railroad Express)
Argela
Argentine Federal Police
ArgoNET
Aria Networks
ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses, Japan)
Arista Networks
Arizona National Guard
Arkessa
Arm
Armasuisse (Federal Office for Defense Procurement, Switzerland)
Armour Communications
ARMZ (Atomredmetzoloto) Uranium Holding
ARQ Group
Arqit Quantum
Arqueiro Telecom
ArrayComm (Chengdu ArrayComm Wireless Technologies)
Arrcus
Arrow Energy
ARTC (Australian Rail Track Corporation)
Artemis Networks
Artemis Resources
Artiza Networks
Aruba
Arubaito World
Arukona
Arvato Supply Chain Solutions
Asagao TV
Asahi Kasei
Asahikawa Cable Television
Asavie
ASE Group
ASELSAN
AsiaInfo Technologies
AsiaSat (Asia Satellite Telecommunications Company)
Askey Computer Corporation
ASM Global
ASN (Alcatel Submarine Networks)
ASOCS
Aspire Technology
Aspire Technology Partners
ASR Microelectronics
Asseco CEIT
Assumption University of Thailand
Assured Wireless Corporation
AST SpaceMobile
ASTELLA (Astella Technologies)
ASTOR (Poland)
ASTRI (Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute)
ASTRID
ASU (Arizona State University)
ASUS (ASUSTeK Computer)
Asylon
AT (Auckland Transport)
AT&T
AT&T Mexico
Ataya
ATDI
ATEL (Asiatelco Technologies)
Atel Antennas
Atesio
Athens International Airport
Athonet
ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions)
ATL (A Test Lab)
Atlas Copco
Atlas Iron
Atlas Telecom
AtlasEdge
AtLink Services
ATM Grupa
ATN International
Atos
ATP (Andean Telecom Partners)
Atrinet
ATS Elektronik
Attabotics
AttoCore
ATW Investment & Services
Auberge Resorts
Auckland Westpac Rescue Helicopter
Audace Tech
Auden Techno
Audi
audius
Auray Technology
Aurens (Orrence)
Aurora Flight Sciences
Ausgrid
Australia Pacific LNG
Australian Department of Home Affairs
Australian Productivity Commission
AUTC (Africa Utilities Technology Council)
Automotive Campus (Helmond)
AV Living Lab
Avanade
Avangrid
Avanti Communications
Avari Wireless
Aventiv Technologies
Avesha Systems
AVEVA
AVI
Aviat Networks
Avics
Avidyne Corporation
Avinor
Avionica
Avista Edge
AVIWEST
AVM
AW2S (Advanced Wireless Solutions and Services)
AWARE7
AWS (Amazon Web Services)
AWTG
AWWA (American Water Works Association)
AXESS Networks
Axians
Axiata Group
Axiom Space
Axione
Axis Communications
Axon
Axpo WZ-Systems
Axtel
Axxcelera Broadband Wireless
Axxcss Wireless Solutions
Axyom.Core (Formerly Casa Systems)
AZ Groeninge
Azcom Technology
Azetti Networks
B&R Bouwgroep
B+B SmartWorx
b<>com (IRT b-com)
B5GPC (Beyond 5G Promotion Consortium)
BABS/FOCP (Federal Office for Civil Protection, Switzerland)
Badger Technologies (Jabil)
BAE Systems
Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation
Bahia State Secretariat of Public Security
Bahrain Airport Company
BAI Communications Australia
Baicells
BAKOM/OFCOM (Federal Office of Communications, Switzerland)
Baleària
Ball Aerospace
Ballast Networks
Balluff
Baltic Networks
BAM Nuttall (Royal BAM Group)
Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute
Banco do Brasil
Banco Santander
BandRich
BandwidthX
Banedanmark
Bangladesh SSF (Special Security Force)
Bangs Ambulance
Baogang Group
Baoshan Iron & Steel
Baosteel Group
Baptist Health South Florida
Barcelona City Council
Barcelona Port Authority
Barcelona Port Police
Barich
Barrett Communications
BART (San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District)
BARTEC
Baruch Padeh Medical Center
BASF
Basingstoke and Deane Borough Council
BasqueCCAM (Basque Center for Connected and Autonomous Mobility)
Batchfire Resources
Batelco
BATM Advanced Communications
BATS Wireless (Broadband Antenna Tracking Systems)
Bavaria Studios & Production Services
Bay Minette Police Department
Bayer
BAYFU (Bayerische Funknetz)
Baylin Technologies
BayRICS (Bay Area Regional Interoperable Communications Systems Authority)
BBB (BB Backbone Corporation)
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)
BBF (Brasil BioFuels)
BBK Electronics
BBVA (Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria)
BC Hydro
BC Live Productions
BCA (Building and Construction Authority, Singapore)
BCDVideo
BCP (Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole) Council
BCX (Business Connexion)
BDBOS (Federal Agency for Public Safety Digital Radio, Germany)
Beach Energy
Beacon Minerals
Beagle Systems
Beam Semiconductor
Beam Wireless
Beamlink
BearCom
BEC Technologies
Becker Mining Systems
Beckhoff Automation
becon
Beeline Kazakhstan
Beeline Russia (VimpelCom)
Beep
Beeper Communications
Beijer Electronics Group
Beijing Capital International Airport
Beijing Chaoyang Hospital
Beijing Daxing International Airport
Beijing Emergency Center
Beijing MTR Corporation
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
BELAZ
Belden
Belfast Harbour
BelFone
Belgian Federal Public Service Mobility and Transport
Bell Canada
Bellantenna
Belpre City Schools
Benetel
Berief Food
Berkshire Hathaway Energy
BESCom Elektronik
BesoVideo
Betacom
BH Technologies
Bharti Airtel
BHE (Bonn Hungary Electronics)
BHP
Biaystok University of Technology
Biazi Telecom
BICS
Bilbao Metro
Billion Electric
Binghamton Police Department
BinnenBereik
BIPT (Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications)
Bird Technologies
Birmingham City Council
BISDN (Berlin Institute for Software Defined Networks)
Bittium
Bitwave Networks
Bivocom
BK Technologies
Black & Veatch
Black Box
BlackBerry
Blackned
BlackRock
Blickle & Scherer
BLiNQ Networks
Bloomcare
Bloxtel
Blu Wireless
Blue Arcus Technologies
Blue White Robotics
Blue Wireless
Bluebird
Blueforce Development Corporation
BLUnet Schweiz
BMA (BHP Mitsubishi Alliance)
BMRCL (Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited)
BMS (Bristol-Myers Squibb)
BMW Brilliance Automotive
BMW Group
BMWK (Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action, Germany)
BNetzA (Federal Network Agency, Germany)
BNPB (National Agency for Disaster Management, Indonesia)
BNU (Beijing Normal University)
Bobcat Miner
BOCHK (Bank of China Hong Kong)
Boden Industrial Park
Boeing
Boelink (Shanghai Boelink Communication Technology)
Boingo Wireless
Boise Police Department
Boldyn Networks (Formerly BAI Communications)
Boliden
Bombardier
Bombers de Barcelona (Barcelona Fire Service)
BONC (BON Corporation)
Bonn Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences
BoomGrow
Boost Mobile
Booz Allen Hamilton
Borealis
BorgWarner
Bosch Engineering
Bosch Rexroth
Boskalis Subsea Services
Boston Childrens Hospital
Boston Dynamics
Boston Police Department
Boston Red Sox
Boston Scientific Corporation
Botkin Hospital
Botswana Police Service
Bouygues Telecom
Boxchip
BP
BPA (Bui Power Authority)
BPA (Busan Port Authority)
BR (Bayerischer Rundfunk)
Bradley University
BrainNet Consultants
Branch Communications
Bravis Hospital
BravoCom
Bravus Mining & Resources
Brazil Federal District Military Police
Brazilian Army
Bredengen
Bridge The Divide Foundation
Bridgestone Corporation
Brightwave
Brimbank City Council
Brisanet
Brisbane City Council
Bristol Port Company
British Army
British Sugar
Brittany Ferries
Broadcom
BroadForward
Broadmobi (Shanghai Broadmobi Communication Technology)
Broadpeak
Broadtech
Brussels Airport Company
BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited)
BT Group
BT Media & Broadcast
Btel (Bakrie Telecom)
BTG (Dutch Association of Large-Scale ICT & Telecommunications Users)
BTI Wireless
BTP (Brasil Terminal Portuário)
B-TrunC (Broadband Trunking Communication) Industry Alliance
BTU (Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg)
BubbleRAN
Buenos Aires City Police
Builder [X]
Bulgarian Ministry of Interior
Bullitt Mobile
Bumicom Telecommunicatie
Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces)
Bundeswehr University Munich
Bureau Veritas
Burlington Fire Department
Burns & McDonnell
Busan Transportation Corporation
Bushu Kogyo
Butachimie
BVSD (Boulder Valley School District)
BVSystems (Berkeley Varitronics Systems)
BWT (BlueWaveTel)
BYD
B-Yond
C Spire
C Squared Systems
C3Spectra
CABGOC (Cabinda Gulf Oil Company)
Cable Media Waiwai
Cable Television Toyama
CableFree (Wireless Excellence)
CableLabs
CABLEX Group
Cáceres City Council
CACI International
Cadence Design Systems
Caesars Entertainment
CAICT (China Academy of Information and Communications Technology)
CaixaBank (Formerly Bankia)
Cal Poly (California Polytechnic State University)
CalAmp
CalChip Connect
Calgary Police Service
Caliber Public Safety
California National Guard
California State University, Stanislaus
Calix
Callio Pyhäjärvi
Calnex Solutions
Calpak
Caltta Technologies
Cambium Networks
Cambridge Consultants
Cambridgeshire County Council
Cameron LNG
CAMET (China Association of Metros)
Campbell Union School District
CampusGenius
Camtel (Cameroon Telecommunications)
CAMTIC Advanced Mechatronics Technology Institute
Canadian Army
Canoga Perkins
Canon
Canonical
Canyon Coal
Capgemini
Capgemini Engineering
Capgemini Invent
CapitaLand
Capricorn Metals
CapX Nederland
Carahsoft Technology Corporation
Carbyne
Cargotec
Carnegie Mellon University
Carnival Corporation
CASCO Signal
CASIC (China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation)
Casio Computer Company
Cassava Technologies
Castleberry ISD (Independent School District)
Castor Marine
CATA (Canadian Advanced Technology Alliance)
Catalyst Communications Technologies
Caterpillar
CATV (Cable TV)
Cavli Wireless
CBA (Chinese Basketball Association)
CBA (Commonwealth Bank of Australia)
CBNG (Cambridge Broadband Networks Group)
CBS Sports
CCEC (Chippewa Cree Energy Corporation)
CCI (Communication Components Inc.)
CCMA (Catalan Broadcasting Corporation)
CCN (Cirrus Core Networks)
CCSA (China Communications Standards Association)
CCTHITA (Central Council of the Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska)
CCww (Communications Consultants Worldwide)
CDA (Chicago Department of Aviation)
CDE Lightband
CDOT (Colorado Department of Transportation)
CEA (French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission)
CEA-Leti
CEA-List
Cegeka
CeLa Link Corporation
CelcomDigi
Celfinet
CellAntenna Corporation
Cellcom (Israel)
Cellcomm Solutions
Cellient
Celling 5G
CellMax Technologies
Cellnex Telecom
CELLocity (RF Connect)
CellOnyx
Cellwize
cellXica
cellXion
Celona
CelPlan Technologies
Cemig (Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais)
Centerline Communications
CENTRA Technology
Central Petroleum
CentralSquare Technologies
Centria University of Applied Sciences
Centrica Storage
CEPRI (China Electric Power Research Institute)
Cepsa
CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations)
Ceragon Networks
Cerillion
CERTI Foundation
CertusNet
CETC (China Electronics Technology Group Corporation)
CETIN Group
CEVA
EZ Group
CFR (Romanian Railways)
CGI
Ch4lke Mobile
Challenge Networks
Chalmers University of Technology
Changan Automobile
Changchun Rail Transit
Changsha Metro
ChannelPorts
Charge Enterprises
Charité University Hospital Berlin
Charter Communications
Chat Mobility
Cheerzing (Xiamen Cheerzing IoT Technology)
Chelton
Chemring Technology Solutions
Chengdu Metro
Chengdu NTS
Chevron Corporation
Chicago Police Department
Chicony Electronics
China All Access
China Baowu Steel Group
China Broadnet (CBN – China Broadcasting Network)
China Gold International Resources
China Merchants Group
China Merchants Heavy Industries
China Mobile
China Mobile Hong Kong
China National Coal Group
China Nuclear Power Engineering
China Railway (China State Railway Group)
China Satcom (China Satellite Communications)
China Shenhua Energy
China Southern Airlines
China Telecom
China Unicom
China West Airport Group
China-Japan Friendship Hospital
CHN Energy (China Energy Investment Group)
Choice NTUA Wireless
Chongqing Guoyuan Port
Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport
Chongqing Rail Transit
CHU Rennes (Rennes University Hospital)
CHU Toulouse (Toulouse University Hospital)
Chubu Electric Power Company
Chukai Cable Television System Operator
Chulabhorn Hospital
Chulalongkorn University
Chunghwa Telecom
Cibicom
CICPA (Critical Infrastructure and Coastal Protection Authority, UAE)
CICT – China Information and Communication Technology Group (China Xinke Group)
CIE Automotive
Cielo Networks
Ciena Corporation
CIG (Cambridge Industries Group)
CIMIC Group
Cincinnati Police Department
Cinkarna Celje
CIO (Connected IO)
CipherTel
CircleGx
Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya
Circuit Parcmotor Castellolí
Circuit Zandvoort
Cirpack
Cirtek Holdings Philippines Corporation
Cisco Systems
CITIC Pacific Mining
CITIG (Canadian Interoperability Technology Interest Group)
CITRA (Communication and Information Technology Regulatory Authority, Kuwait)
Citrosuco
City of Brownsville
City of Las Vegas
City of Longmont
City of Montgomery
City of Santa Maria
City of Tucson
Citycom Telekommunikation (Holding Graz)
Citymesh
CitySwitch
CJ Group
CJ Logistics
CJ OliveNetworks
CK Hutchison
CKH IOD
Clair Global
Clark County Department of Aviation
Claro Brasil
Claro Colombia
Clarus Networks Group
Clavister
Clear Channel UK
Clear Mobitel
ClearBlade
ClearLink Communications
ClearSky Technologies
Cleura
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland Police
Clever Logic
Clinical Mobility (Intellicom)
Cloud Signals
CloudMile
CloudMinds
Clovity
CLP Power Hong Kong
CMG (China Media Group)
CMHIT (China Merchants Holdings Information Technology)
CMI (China Mobile International)
CMIG (China Minsheng Investment Group)
CMIoT (China Mobile IoT)
CMOC Group

List Of Figures

Figure 1: Minimum Performance Requirements for 5G Systems
Figure 2: NSA (Non-Standalone) vs. SA (Standalone) 5G Deployment Modes
Figure 3: Isolated NPN (Non-Public Network) Deployment Scenario
Figure 4: Dedicated Mobile Operator RAN Coverage NPN Deployment Scenario
Figure 5: Shared RAN With On-Premise Core NPN Deployment Scenario
Figure 6: Shared RAN & Control Plane NPN Deployment Scenario
Figure 7: NPN Hosted by Public Network Deployment Scenario
Figure 8: Virtual Sliced Private Network Deployment Scenario
Figure 9: Hybrid Public-Private Network Deployment Scenario
Figure 10: Shared Core Private Network Deployment Scenario
Figure 11: Secure MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator) Deployment Scenario
Figure 12: Business Models for Private LTE & 5G Networks
Figure 13: Value Chain of Private LTE & 5G Networks
Figure 14: Private LTE/5G Network Architecture
Figure 15: 5G NG-RAN Architecture
Figure 16: eNB/gNB RU (Radio Unit) Functional Elements
Figure 17: eNB/gNB DU (Distributed Baseband Unit) Functional Elements
Figure 18: eNB/gNB CU (Centralized Baseband Unit) Functional Elements
Figure 19: 5GC (5G Core) Architecture
Figure 20: Fronthaul, Midhaul & Backhaul Transport Network Segments
Figure 21: 5G Transport Performance Requirements
Figure 22: Distance & RTT (Round-Trip Time) Comparison Between Public & Private Edge Computing
Figure 23: Standardization of Private LTE/5G-Related Features in 3GPP Releases 11 – 18
Figure 24: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Infrastructure Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 25: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 26: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 27: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 28: Global Private LTE & 5G Base Station RU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 29: Global Private LTE & 5G Base Station RU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 30: Global Private LTE & 5G DU/CU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 31: Global Private LTE & 5G DU/CU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 32: Global Private LTE & 5G Mobile Core Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 33: Global Private LTE & 5G Mobile Core User Plane Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 34: Global Private LTE & 5G Mobile Core Control Plane Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 35: Global Private LTE & 5G Transport Network Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 36: Global Private LTE & 5G Fiber-Wireline Transport Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 37: Global Private LTE & 5G Microwave Transport Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 38: Global Private LTE & 5G Satellite Transport Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 39: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue by Technology Generation: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 40: Global Private LTE Network Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 41: Global Private LTE RAN Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 42: Global Private LTE EPC Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 43: Global Private LTE Transport Network Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 44: Global Private 5G Network Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 45: Global Private 5G RAN Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 46: Global Private 5GC Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 47: Global Private 5G Transport Network Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 48: Global Private LTE & 5G RU Shipments by Cell Size: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 49: Global Private LTE & 5G RU Revenue by Cell Size: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 50: Global Private LTE & 5G Indoor Small Cell RU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 51: Global Private LTE & 5G Indoor Small Cell RU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 52: Global Private LTE & 5G Outdoor Small Cell RU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 53: Global Private LTE & 5G Outdoor Small Cell RU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 54: Global Private LTE & 5G Macrocell RU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 55: Global Private LTE & 5G Macrocell RU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 56: Global Private LTE & 5G RU Shipments by Spectrum Licensing Model: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 57: Global Private LTE & 5G RU Revenue by Spectrum Licensing Model: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 58: Global Mobile Operator-Owned Spectrum Private LTE & 5G RU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 59: Global Mobile Operator-Owned Spectrum Private LTE & 5G RU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 60: Global Wide Area Licensed Spectrum Private LTE & 5G RU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 61: Global Wide Area Licensed Spectrum Private LTE & 5G RU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 62: Global Shared & Local Area Licensed Spectrum Private LTE & 5G RU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 63: Global Shared & Local Area Licensed Spectrum Private LTE & 5G RU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 64: Global Unlicensed Spectrum Private LTE & 5G RU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 65: Global Unlicensed Spectrum Private LTE & 5G RU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 66: Global Private LTE & 5G RU Shipments by Frequency Range: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 67: Global Private LTE & 5G RU Revenue by Frequency Range: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 68: Global Low-Band (Sub-1 GHz) Private LTE & 5G RU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 69: Global Low-Band (Sub-1 GHz) Private LTE & 5G RU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 70: Global Mid-Band (1-6 GHz) Private LTE & 5G RU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 71: Global Mid-Band (1-6 GHz) Private LTE & 5G RU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 72: Global High-Band (mmWave) Private LTE & 5G RU Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 73: Global High-Band (mmWave) Private LTE & 5G RU Revenue: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 74: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Infrastructure Revenue by End User Market: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 75: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Infrastructure Revenue by Vertical Industry: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 76: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in Vertical Industries by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 77: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in Vertical Industries: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 78: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in the Agriculture Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 79: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Agriculture Vertical: 2024 – 2030
Figure 80: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in the Aviation Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 81: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Aviation Vertical: 2024 – 2030
Figure 82: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in the Broadcasting Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 83: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Broadcasting Vertical: 2024 – 2030
Figure 84: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in the Construction Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 85: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Construction Vertical: 2024 – 2030
Figure 86: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in the Education Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 87: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Education Vertical: 2024 – 2030
Figure 88: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in the Forestry Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 89: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Forestry Vertical: 2024 – 2030
Figure 90: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in the Healthcare Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 91: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Healthcare Vertical: 2024 – 2030
Figure 92: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in the Manufacturing Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 93: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Manufacturing Vertical: 2024 – 2030
Figure 94: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in the Military Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 95: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Military Vertical: 2024 – 2030
Figure 96: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in the Mining Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 97: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Mining Vertical: 2024 – 2030
Figure 98: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in the Oil & Gas Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 99: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Oil & Gas Vertical: 2024 – 2030
Figure 100: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in the Ports & Maritime Transport Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 101: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Ports & Maritime Transport Vertical: 2024 – 2030
Figure 102: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in the Public Safety Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 103: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Public Safety Vertical: 2024 – 2030
Figure 104: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in the Railways Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 105: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Railways Vertical: 2024 – 2030
Figure 106: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in the Utilities Vertical by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 107: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in the Utilities Vertical: 2024 – 2030
Figure 108: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in Warehousing & Other Verticals by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 109: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in Warehousing & Other Verticals: 2024 – 2030
Figure 110: Global Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue in Offices, Buildings & Public Venues by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 111: Global Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments in Offices, Buildings & Public Venues: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 112: Private LTE & 5G Network Infrastructure Revenue by Region: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 113: North America Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 114: North America Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 115: North America Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue by End User Market: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 116: North America Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue by Vertical Industry: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 117: Asia Pacific Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 118: Asia Pacific Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 119: Asia Pacific Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue by End User Market: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 120: Asia Pacific Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue by Vertical Industry: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 121: Europe Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 122: Europe Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 123: Europe Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue by End User Market: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 124: Europe Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue by Vertical Industry: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 125: Middle East & Africa Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 126: Middle East & Africa Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 127: Middle East & Africa Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue by End User Market: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 128: Middle East & Africa Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue by Vertical Industry: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 129: Latin & Central America Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue by Infrastructure Submarket: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 130: Latin & Central America Private LTE & 5G RAN Unit Shipments: 2024 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 131: Latin & Central America Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue by End User Market: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 132: Latin & Central America Private LTE & 5G Network Revenue by Vertical Industry: 2024 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 133: Global Spending on Private LTE & 5G Networks for Vertical Industries by Technology Generation: 2024 – 2027 ($ Million)
Figure 134: Future Roadmap of Private LTE & 5G Networks: 2024 – 2030

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