ProSe (Proximity Services) for LTE & 5G Networks: 2017 – 2030 – Opportunities, Challenges, Strategies & Forecasts
First introduced in Release 12 of the 3GPP specifications, ProSe (Proximity Services) is a D2D (Device-to-Device) technology that allows LTE devices to detect each other and to communicate directly. It relies on multiple enhancements to existing LTE standards including new functional elements and a ""sidelink"" air interface for direct connectivity between devices.
In comparison to existing D2D and proximity networking technologies, ProSe offers several distinct benefits including but not limited to better scalability, manageability, privacy, security and battery-efficiency. At present, efforts to commercialize ProSe are being spearheaded by the public safety and critical communications sector, amid the ongoing transition from legacy LMR (Land Mobile Radio) systems to LTE networks.
Although initial investments in ProSe-enabled devices will be driven by the public safety and critical communications sector, there also exists a much larger opportunity in the commercial arena. Mobile operators can leverage ProSe to offer a range of B2B, B2B2C and B2C services that rely on proximity, including advertising, social networking, gaming, relaying traffic for wearables and V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) connectivity.
By the end of 2025, SNS Research estimates that mobile operators can pocket as much $17 Billion in ProSe based annual service revenue. Up to 55% of this revenue figure will be attributable to proximity advertising.
The ""ProSe (Proximity Services) for LTE & 5G Networks: 2017 – 2030 – Opportunities, Challenges, Strategies & Forecasts"" report presents an in-depth assessment of the ProSe market including enabling technologies, key trends, market drivers, challenges, standardization, use cases, applications, business models, pre-commercial case studies, opportunities, future roadmap, value chain and strategic recommendations. The report also presents forecasts for ProSe-enabled device shipments and ProSe based mobile operator service revenue from 2018 till 2030. The forecasts cover multiple submarkets and 6 regions.
The report comes with an associated Excel datasheet suite covering quantitative data from all numeric forecasts presented in the report.
Topics Covered
The report covers the following topics:
- ProSe technology
- Market drivers and barriers
- Sidelink air interface and spectrum bands
- ProSe discovery and direct communication services
- ProSe coverage scenarios and modes of operation
- ProSe reference architecture, key functional elements and interfaces
- 3GPP standardization efforts for ProSe
- Competing D2D and proximity networking technologies
- Key applications, business models and monetization strategies
- Case studies of pre-commercial ProSe engagements
- Industry roadmap and value chain
- Strategic recommendations for key ecosystem players including chipset suppliers, device OEMs, infrastructure vendors, public safety agencies and mobile operators
- Market analysis and forecasts from 2018 till 2030
Forecast Segmentation
Market forecasts are provided for each of the following submarkets and their subcategories:
ProSe Device Shipments & Revenue
Submarkets
- Public Safety & Critical Communications
- Commercial Sector
Form Factor Segmentation
- Smartphones
- Tablets
- Wearables
- Vehicle Mount Devices
- V2X Devices
- Other Devices
Regional Markets
- Asia Pacific
- Eastern Europe
- Middle East & Africa
- Latin & Central America
- North America
- Western Europe
ProSe Based Mobile Operator Service Revenue
Submarkets
- Advertising
- Social Networking
- V2X Connectivity
- Public Safety & Critical Communications
- Other Applications
Key Questions Answered
The report provides answers to the following key questions:
- How big is the ProSe opportunity?
- What trends, challenges and barriers are influencing its growth?
- How will the ecosystem evolve by segment and region?
- What will the market size be in 2020 and at what rate will it grow?
- How big is the ProSe service revenue opportunity for mobile operators?
- How will ProSe help public safety agencies in replacing legacy LMR systems with LTE and 5G networks?
- How will consolidation in the chipset ecosystem affect the adoption of ProSe?
- How can ProSe deliver localized V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) connectivity?
- What strategies should chipset suppliers, device OEMs and mobile operators adopt to remain competitive?
Key Findings
The report has the following key findings:
- In comparison to existing D2D and proximity networking technologies, ProSe offers several distinct benefits including but not limited to better scalability, manageability, privacy, security and battery-efficiency.
- At present, efforts to commercialize ProSe are being spearheaded by the public safety and critical communications industry. The ongoing transition from legacy LMR systems to LTE networks is expected to trigger the very first investments in ProSe-enabled devices, as direct communication between devices is an essential requirement for users in this domain.
- In the commercial area, mobile operators can leverage ProSe to offer a range of B2B, B2B2C and B2C services that rely on proximity including advertising, social networking, gaming, relaying traffic for wearables and V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) connectivity.
- By the end of 2025, SNS Research estimates that mobile operators can pocket as much $17 Billion in ProSe based annual service revenue. Up to 55% of this revenue figure will be attributable to proximity advertising.
1 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Executive Summary
1.2 Topics Covered
1.3 Forecast Segmentation
1.4 Key Questions Answered
1.5 Key Findings
1.6 Methodology
1.7 Target Audience
1.8 Companies & Organizations Mentioned
2 Chapter 2: An Overview of ProSe
2.1 What is D2D (Device-to-Device) Technology?
2.2 ProSe (Proximity Services) for 3GPP Networks
2.3 ProSe Service Classification
2.3.1 ProSe Discovery
2.3.2 ProSe Direct Communication
2.4 ProSe Coverage Scenarios
2.4.1 In-Coverage
2.4.2 Partial Coverage
2.4.3 Out-of-Coverage
2.5 ProSe Modes of Direct Communication
2.5.1 Unicast
2.5.2 One-to-Many: Group Communication
2.5.3 One-to-All: Broadcast Communication
2.6 ProSe Modes of Discovery
2.6.1 Restricted Discovery
2.6.2 Open Discovery
2.7 Competing Technologies
2.7.1 P25, TETRA & Conventional LMR Systems
2.7.2 Wi-Fi
2.7.2.1 Wi-Fi Direct
2.7.2.2 Wi-Fi Aware/NAN (Neighbor Awareness Networking)
2.7.2.3 Ad-Hoc Mode D2D Connectivity & TDLS (Tunneled Direct Link Setup)
2.7.2.4 WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments): IEEE 802.11p
2.7.3 Bluetooth
2.7.3.1 Classic Bluetooth
2.7.3.2 Bluetooth High Speed
2.7.3.3 BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy)
2.7.3.4 Bluetooth 5 Enhancements
2.7.4 Apples iBeacon
2.7.5 ZigBee
2.7.6 GPS
2.7.7 Others
2.8 Market Growth Drivers
2.8.1 Adoption of LTE for Public Safety & Critical Communications
2.8.2 Extending Wide Area Connectivity to IoT Devices & Accessories
2.8.3 Better Scalability & Coverage Range Than Competing Technologies
2.8.4 New Revenue Streams & ARPU Growth for Mobile Operators
2.8.5 Enhanced Manageability, Privacy & Security
2.8.6 Alleviating Network Congestion & Improving Spectrum Utilization
2.9 Market Barriers
2.9.1 Potential Interference
2.9.2 Achieving UE Battery Efficiency
2.9.3 Impact on Network Resources
2.9.4 Dependency on New Chipsets & Devices
2.9.5 Interoperability & Other Technical Challenges
3 Chapter 3: ProSe Technology & Standardization
3.1 Sidelink Air Interface
3.1.1 Use of Uplink Resources
3.1.2 Transmission Scheme
3.1.3 Frequency Bands & Channel Bandwidths
3.1.4 New Physical, Transport & Logical Channels
3.1.4.1 Physical Channels
3.1.4.2 Transport Channels
3.1.4.3 Logical Channels
3.1.5 Synchronization Signals
3.1.6 Alternative Wi-Fi Direct Communication Path
3.2 Key Operational Capabilities of ProSe
3.2.1 Service Authorization & Provisioning
3.2.2 ProSe Discovery
3.2.2.1 Direct Discovery
3.2.2.2 Specific Direct Discovery Features for Public Safety
3.2.2.3 EPC-Level Discovery
3.2.2.4 EPC Support for Wi-Fi Direct Communication
3.2.3 ProSe Direct Communication
3.2.3.1 One-to-One Direct Communication
3.2.3.2 One-to-Many Direct Communication
3.2.4 UE-to-Network Relay
3.3 ProSe Reference Architecture, Key Functional Elements & Interfaces
3.3.1 ProSe-Enabled Devices & Applications
3.3.2 ProSe AS (Application Server)
3.3.3 ProSe Function
3.3.3.1 DPF (Direct Provisioning Function)
3.3.3.2 Direct Discovery Name Management Function
3.3.3.3 EPC-Level Discovery ProSe Function
3.3.4 ProSe Proxy
3.3.5 ProSe Key Management Function
3.3.6 MME (Mobility Management Entity)
3.3.7 P-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway)
3.3.8 S-GW (Serving Gateway)
3.3.9 HSS (Home Subscriber Server)
3.3.10 SLP (Secure User Plane Location Platform)
3.3.11 S-GW (Serving Gateway)
3.3.12 Interfaces
3.3.12.1 PC1
3.3.12.2 PC2
3.3.12.3 PC3
3.3.12.4 PC4a
3.3.12.5 PC4b
3.3.12.6 PC5 (Sidelink)
3.3.12.7 PC6
3.3.12.8 PC7
3.3.12.9 PC8
3.3.12.10 S6a
3.3.12.11 S1-MME
3.4 3GPP Standardization for ProSe
3.4.1 Release 12
3.4.2 Release 13
3.4.3 Release 14 & Beyond
4 Chapter 4: ProSe Applications, Business Models & Case Studies
4.1 Key Applications of ProSe
4.1.1 Public Safety & Critical Communications
4.1.1.1 Direct Communication for Coverage Extension
4.1.1.2 Direct Communication within Network Coverage
4.1.1.3 Infrastructure Failure & Emergency Situations
4.1.1.4 Additional Capacity for Incident Response & Special Events
4.1.1.5 Discovery Services for Disaster Relief
4.1.2 Commercial Applications
4.1.2.1 Proximity Advertising
4.1.2.2 Localized Social Networking
4.1.2.3 Online & Real-World Gaming
4.1.2.4 Enabling the Sharing Economy
4.1.2.5 Mobile Relaying & Network Sharing
4.1.2.6 Wide Area Connectivity for the IoT & Wearables
4.1.2.7 Local Data Transfer
4.1.2.8 Other Applications
4.1.3 Cellular V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) Connectivity
4.2 Business Models: How Can Mobile Operators Monetize ProSe?
4.2.1 B2C: Premium Charge for ProSe Capabilities
4.2.2 B2B: D2D Services for Public Safety Agencies & Other Enterprises
4.2.3 B2B2C: Stacking Consumer Applications over ProSe
4.3 Case Studies of Pre-Commercial Engagements
4.3.1 Qualcomm: Accelerating Ecosystem Development with LTE Direct
4.3.2 DT (Deutsche Telekom): First Pre-Commercial Mobile Operator Trial for ProSe
4.3.3 KT Corporation: Emergency Services, Social Networking & Personalized Advertising with ProSe
4.3.4 TCL Communication: ProSe-Enabled Device Prototype Demonstration
4.3.5 NTT DoCoMo: Empowering the Sharing Economy with ProSe
4.3.6 M87: Expanding the Reach of Mobile Networks with ProSe
4.3.7 Compass.To: Successfully Conducting the First ProSe Trial in China
4.3.8 Others
5 Chapter 5: ProSe Industry Roadmap & Value Chain
5.1 Industry Roadmap
5.1.1 2017 – 2020: Initial Adoption Driven by Public Safety LTE Networks
5.1.2 2020 – 2025: Growing Focus on Consumer Applications
5.1.3 2025 – 2030: Targeting Cellular V2X Connectivity
5.2 Value Chain
5.2.1 Chipset Suppliers
5.2.2 ProSe-Enabled Device OEMs
5.2.3 ProSe Infrastructure Vendors
5.2.4 Mobile Operators
5.2.5 Public Safety & Critical Communications Agencies
5.2.6 Commercial Enterprises
5.2.7 App Developers & Content Providers
5.2.8 Consumers
5.2.9 Test, Measurement & Performance Specialists
6 Chapter 6: Market Analysis & Forecasts
6.1 Global Outlook on ProSe-Enabled Devices
6.2 Submarket Segmentation
6.2.1 Public Safety & Critical Communications
6.2.2 Commercial Sector
6.3 Form Factor Segmentation
6.3.1 Public Safety & Critical Communications
6.3.1.1 Smartphones
6.3.1.2 Vehicle Mount Devices
6.3.1.3 Other Devices
6.3.2 Commercial Sector
6.3.2.1 Smartphones
6.3.2.2 Tablets
6.3.2.3 Wearables
6.3.2.4 V2X Devices
6.3.2.5 Other Devices
6.4 Regional Segmentation
6.4.1 Public Safety & Critical Communications
6.4.2 Commercial Sector
6.5 Asia Pacific
6.5.1 Public Safety & Critical Communications
6.5.2 Commercial Sector
6.6 Eastern Europe
6.6.1 Public Safety & Critical Communications
6.6.2 Commercial Sector
6.7 Latin & Central America
6.7.1 Public Safety & Critical Communications
6.7.2 Commercial Sector
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 Public Safety & Critical Communications
6.8.2 Commercial Sector
6.9 North America
6.9.1 Public Safety & Critical Communications
6.9.2 Commercial Sector
6.10 Western Europe
6.10.1 Public Safety & Critical Communications
6.10.2 Commercial Sector
7 Chapter 7: Conclusion & Strategic Recommendations
7.1 Why is the Market Poised to Grow?
7.2 Public Safety LTE Engagements to Trigger Initial Investments
7.3 Synergies with IOPS (Isolated E-UTRAN Operation)
7.4 Interim Solutions to Fulfill Public Safety ProSe Requirements
7.5 How Big is the ProSe Service Revenue Opportunity for Mobile Operators?
7.6 Enhancements to Support IoT & Wearables
7.7 Consolidation in the Chipset Ecosystem: Implications for ProSe
7.8 Potential Impact on the V2X Sector
7.9 Strategic Recommendations
7.9.1 Recommendations for Chipset, Device & Infrastructure Suppliers
7.9.2 Recommendations for Mobile Operators
7.9.3 Recommendations for Public Safety & Critical Communications Agencies
List Of Figures
Figure 1: Example Application Scenarios for D2D Technology
Figure 2: Sidelink Air Interface for ProSe
Figure 3: Use Cases & Service Scenarios for ProSe
Figure 4: Key Differences Between LTE Uplink and Sidelink
Figure 5: Operating Bands for ProSe
Figure 6: ProSe Direct Discovery Channel Bandwidth
Figure 7: ProSe Direct Communication Channel Bandwidth
Figure 8: Physical, Transport & Logical Channels for Sidelink
Figure 9: Architecture for ProSe UE-to-Network Relay Functionality
Figure 10: ProSe Reference Architecture
Figure 11: ProSe Industry Roadmap
Figure 12: ProSe Value Chain
Figure 13: Global ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 14: Global ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 15: Global ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments by Submarket: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 16: Global ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue by Submarket: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 17: Global ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 18: Global ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 19: Global ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 20: Global ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 21: Global ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector, by Form Factor: 2018 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 22: Global ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector, by Form Factor: 2018 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 23: Global ProSe-Enabled Smartphone Shipments in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 24: Global ProSe-Enabled Smartphone Shipment Revenue in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 25: Global ProSe-Enabled Vehicle Mount Device Shipments in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 26: Global ProSe-Enabled Vehicle Mount Device Shipment Revenue in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 27: Global ProSe-Enabled Other Device Shipments in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 28: Global ProSe-Enabled Other Device Shipment Revenue in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 29: Global ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Commercial Sector, by Form Factor: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 30: Global ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Commercial Sector, by Form Factor: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 31: Global ProSe-Enabled Smartphone Shipments in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 32: Global ProSe-Enabled Smartphone Shipment Revenue in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 33: Global ProSe-Enabled Tablet Shipments in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 34: Global ProSe-Enabled Tablet Shipment Revenue in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 35: Global ProSe-Enabled Wearable Device Shipments in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 36: Global ProSe-Enabled Wearable Device Shipment Revenue in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 37: Global ProSe-Enabled V2X Device Shipments in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 38: Global ProSe-Enabled V2X Device Shipment Revenue in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 39: Global ProSe-Enabled Other Device Shipments in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 40: Global ProSe-Enabled Other Device Shipment Revenue in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 41: ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments by Region: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 42: ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue by Region: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 43: ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector, by Region: 2018 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 44: ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector, by Region: 2018 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 45: ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Commercial Sector, by Region: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 46: ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Commercial Sector, by Region: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 47: Asia Pacific ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 48: Asia Pacific ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 49: Asia Pacific ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 50: Asia Pacific ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 51: Asia Pacific ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 52: Asia Pacific ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 53: Eastern Europe ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 54: Eastern Europe ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 55: Eastern Europe ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 56: Eastern Europe ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 57: Eastern Europe ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 58: Eastern Europe ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 59: Latin & Central America ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 60: Latin & Central America ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 61: Latin & Central America ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 62: Latin & Central America ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 63: Latin & Central America ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 64: Latin & Central America ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 65: Middle East & Africa ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 66: Middle East & Africa ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 67: Middle East & Africa ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 68: Middle East & Africa ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 69: Middle East & Africa ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 70: Middle East & Africa ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 71: North America ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 72: North America ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 73: North America ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 74: North America ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 75: North America ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 76: North America ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 77: Western Europe ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 78: Western Europe ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 79: Western Europe ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Thousands of Units)
Figure 80: Western Europe ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Public Safety & Critical Communications Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Million)
Figure 81: Western Europe ProSe-Enabled Device Shipments in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 82: Western Europe ProSe-Enabled Device Shipment Revenue in the Commercial Sector: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
Figure 83: Global Installed Base of ProSe-Enabled Devices by Submarket: 2018 – 2030 (Millions of Units)
Figure 84: Global ProSe Based Mobile Operator Service Revenue by Application: 2018 – 2030 ($ Billion)
List of Companies Mentioned
3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project)
Apple
ASTRI (Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute)
Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group)
Compass.To
DT (Deutsche Telekom)
EE
Ericsson
Facebook
FirstNet (First Responder Network Authority)
Home Office, UK
Huawei
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
Intel Corporation
KT Corporation
M87
MPSS (Ministry of Public Safety and Security, South Korea)
NEC Corporation
Nokia
NTT DoCoMo
NXP Semiconductors
OnePlus
Qualcomm
Samsung Electronics
TanTan
Telecom Italia Group
U.S. Department of Commerce
U.S. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)
Wi-Fi Alliance
Yahoo
ZigBee Alliance
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